American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) Practice Exam

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• Impulsive behavior, emotional reactivity, disinhibition, distractibility, confabulation, anosmia, and witzelsucht are most associated with damage to which region?
• Tingling around the mouth, dysarthria, nystagmus, diplopia, ataxia, and vertigo with possible drop attack describes which vascular syndrome?
• Which apraxia involves inability to pantomime actions, commonly associated with nonfluent aphasia?
• REM sleep behavior disorder is a feature of which disease?
• Most common non-CNS malignancy in children:
• Which metabolic disorder involves accumulation of homocysteine, leading to vascular thrombosis and behavioral disturbances, treated with vitamin B6?
• Inability to identify body parts is called?
• The triad "wet, wacky, wobbly" is characteristic of which condition?
• Primary progressive aphasia is best characterized by which initial feature?
• Which movement disorder is defined as involuntary writhing movements?
• Which dopaminergic tract projects to limbic structures and is often associated with positive psychotic symptoms when hyperactive?
• A right-hemisphere lesion causing inability to recognize emotional or affective qualities of others' speech is called?
• Which primary progressive aphasia variant is characterized by impaired naming?
• Which disorder presents with epilepsy, intellectual disability, and facial angiofibromas and is linked to TSC1 or TSC2 mutations?
• Which neurotransmitter is synthesized in the dorsal raphe nuclei and is involved in sleep and sexual function?
• Paraphasias and neologisms are commonly described in which aphasia?
• Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is associated with deficiency of which vitamin?
• Which syndrome is defined by compulsive, self-gratifying behaviors such as gambling, sex, or shopping and is seen in some PD patients; management involves reducing dopamine agonist?
• A patient presents with left face and arm motor weakness and jocularity. Which stroke syndrome is most likely?
• Among the listed genetic disorders, which has the lowest prevalence of epilepsy, with only about 10-20% affected?
• Which cluster of symptoms indicates increased intracranial pressure?
• Right-hemisphere lesion can cause impairment in dressing due to apraxia; which is the apraxia?
• Lesions in which brain structure typically cause contralateral inattention?
• Posterior circulation TIA with episodes of amnesia and personality change, featuring both anterograde and retrograde amnesia lasting 3-24 hours, with no confabulation and not a stroke risk, is best described as?
• Headache is worse in the morning and accompanied by nausea and vomiting is indicative a brain tumor.
• Which dopaminergic tract extends from the ventral tegmental area to the amygdala and limbic system, and is associated with positive psychotic symptoms when overactive?
• Medial longitudinal fasciculus syndrome (INO) is associated with infarction at which location?
• Which tumor is described as the most malignant variety of astrocytoma and tends to spread rapidly within the brain?
• Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis presents with amnesia and behavioral disturbance often exceeding psychosis, along with seizures and autonomic instability; it commonly occurs in young adults, especially women, and is frequently associated with ovarian teratoma.
• Which memory system includes episodic memory (autobiographical) and semantic memory (facts)?
• Which aphasia is described as non-fluent, with intact comprehension and reading, but impaired writing and repetition, and is associated with a left posterior frontal lesion?
• Right homonymous visual field defect with language impairment is most consistent with stroke in which territory?
• Which dopaminergic pathway regulates prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland, thereby affecting lactation?
• Deficits in performing sequenced motor movements to complete a complex behavior, typically due to frontal lobe lesions, describe which apraxia?
• Glaucoma is most commonly associated with which syndrome?
• Which genetic disorder is the most common single-gene cause of autism?
• Gerstmann syndrome includes acalculia, finger agnosia, L/R confusion, and which additional deficit?
• Which condition is associated with dementia and hallucinations?
• Damage to which region is most commonly associated with hemispatial neglect?
• Huntington's disease commonly impairs which ocular movement?
• Infarction of which artery classically involves brainstem, cerebellar, or posterior cerebral territory?
• Which syndrome arises from bilateral parieto-occipital lesions and includes ocular apraxia, optic ataxia, and simultanagnosia?
• Which chromosome is involved with ApoE alleles?
• Which disorder is defined by both vocal and multiple motor tics for at least one year before age 18, with ADHD and OCD commonly present, autosomal dominant, and associated with PANDAS?
• Which condition is the inability to identify color by sight, by speech, or by writing?
• Which syndrome features self-mutilation behavior and is inherited in an X-linked pattern?
• Diplopia due to a lesion in the brainstem is most consistent with involvement of which cranial nerves, potentially without ptosis or pupil abnormalities?
• Aphasia, anosognosia, and apraxia are associated with which type of brain dysfunction?
• In Alzheimer's disease, which pattern of cognitive deficits is typical?
• Amyloid angiopathy is best described as which of the following?
• The syndrome arising from corpus callosum disruption leading to an object in the left hemisphere that cannot be named or described, and an object in the right hemisphere that cannot be matched, is called?
• Which genetic syndrome is most commonly associated with gliomas of the central nervous system, including optic pathway gliomas?
• St. Vitus dance is another name for which movement disorder?
• Which condition involves visual perseveration; recurrent or persistent images following removal of the visual stimulus, typically from right occipital and parietal lobe lesions?
• Which condition causes fatal compression of the fourth ventricle, leading to obstructive hydrocephalus and depressed respiratory drive with coma?
• Hemi-inattention with inability to control movement of the left hand due to parietal lobe or corpus callosum injury describes which condition?
• Left face, arm, and leg motor and sensory loss with left homonymous hemianopsia and left hemi-neglect. Which stroke territory?
• Which movement disorder is described as involuntary movements in young kids with slowly progressive course and diurnal fluctuations and is treated with low-dose levodopa?
• The term 'Primary Progressive Aphasia' encompasses variants such as nonfluent, semantic, and logopenic aphasias. Which feature is common across these variants?
• Gerstmann's syndrome occurs with stroke territory in which vascular region?
• Which circulation is most likely involved when a patient presents with ataxia, vertigo, and nausea?
• Which of the following tests is not typically used to assess language function?
• Palinopsia is characterized by persistence of visual images after the end of a stimulus, typically due to lesions in which brain regions?
• Huntington's disease is associated with an expanded CAG repeat on which chromosome?
• Which disorder is caused by autosomal recessive deficiency in hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase leading to cognitive and language delays, with newborn Guthrie screening detectable?
• Among adolescents and young adults, which cancer is most common?
• Posterior fossa tumors are most common in children, which age group is most affected?
• Which condition is described as verbal apraxia in childhood and involves the left frontal lobe affecting the precentral gyrus and premotor cortex?
• Which aphasia is non-fluent with impaired comprehension, reading, and writing, but repetition relatively preserved?
• Which pair of genetic syndromes is known to show better verbal abilities than nonverbal abilities?
• Pituitary adenomas can be classified as prolactinomas, which secrete prolactin, or chromophobe adenomas, which do not; they commonly cause infertility and decreased libido, headaches, and visual field loss such as bitemporal hemianopsia.
• Which cerebral palsy subtype involves paralysis of all four limbs with pseudo bulbar signs, usually from anoxia during birth, and is associated with increased epilepsy and intellectual disability?
• The nigrostriatal tract is a dopaminergic projection that targets which brain region?
• Which neurodegenerative disorder is autosomal dominant and characterized by early behavioral changes, motor symptoms, psychomotor slowing, executive dysfunction, and subcortical striatal involvement?
• Transcortical motor aphasia is typically associated with stroke in which territory?
• Locked-in syndrome results from infarction of which brain region?
• Bitemporal hemianopsia results from a lesion at which site?
• Which memory pattern is described as involving bilateral frontal/temporal regions with poor encoding and cueing not helpful, including perseverations and false positives?
• A patient with frontal dysfunction such as apathy and hypomania accompanied by right leg weakness has which stroke territory?
• Which disorder has onset around 60–70 years, predominantly male, with apathy, disinhibition, executive dysfunction, parkinsonism without tremor, axial rigidity, increased falls, decreased vertical gaze, and tau tangles?
• Which pattern best describes vascular dementia?
• Which perinatal condition is a risk factor for PVL, reflected by an extremely low Apgar score at 10-15 minutes?
• Which of the following is not one of the three long dopamine tracts listed (nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, mesocortical)?
• Sustained, powerful, twisting, predominantly extensor movements of the neck, upper arms, and trunk describe which condition?
• Which brain tumor is more common in women and tends to grow slowly?
• Dysarthria in Parkinson's disease is most likely due to lesion of which brainstem tract?
• Prader-Willi syndrome is characterized by hypotonia in infancy and later obesity due to hyperphagia. Which of the following describes it?
• PANDAS and behavioral therapies, including clonidine and guanfacine, as well as haloperidol and deep brain stimulation, are associated with which tic disorder?
• Which nucleus is to vision as which nucleus is to auditory inputs?
• Phenylketonuria is caused by deficiency of which enzyme?
• Apathy, mutism, akinetic features, abulia, leg weakness, incontinence, and indifference to pain, along with confabulation in some cases, point to damage of which frontal region?
• Which primary progressive aphasia variant is characterized by impaired repetition?
• Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is part of the paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis group and presents with amnesia and behavioral disturbance greater than psychosis, seizures, involuntary movements, and autonomic instability; it most often affects young women and is commonly associated with ovarian teratoma.
• Which apraxia is defined by inability to conceive and perform a sequence of steps?
• Which tremor is defined by fine 6-9 Hz oscillations in limbs, worsened by activity, autosomal dominant, and treated with propranolol?
• Which statement about white matter abnormalities and aging is true?
• Gliomas are more common in males.
• Under ADDTC criteria for vascular dementia, is memory impairment required?
• Which aphasia is labeled as mixed transcortical/isolation aphasia?
• Nonfluent/agrammatic PPA is typically linked to which brain region?
• The lateral geniculate nucleus processes which sensory modality?
• The circuit involved in forming new autobiographical memory and declarative/explicit memory is which?
• Tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia without a confirmed diagnosis of Parkinson's disease are best described as which term?
• Ventral midbrain lesion with contralateral hemiparesis and ipsilateral CN III palsy corresponds to which syndrome?
• Which malformation occurs when meninges and skin protrude through a lumbosacral spine defect forming a CSF bulge?
• Which condition is characterized by quadriplegia with preserved consciousness and eye movement?
• Ventral pontine lesion with contralateral hemiparesis and mute, dysphagia describes which syndrome?
• Which disorder is characterized by axillary and inguinal freckling and café-au-lait spots, often with optic gliomas?
• Age-related degeneration of cerebral vessels that predisposes to lobar hemorrhages describes which condition?
• Which dopaminergic pathway is a short tract from the hypothalamic area to the pituitary gland that suppresses prolactin and inhibits galactorrhea?
• Which syndrome is classically lacunar and can present as pure motor hemiparesis, pure sensory syndrome, or ataxic hemiparesis?
• Wernicke's area is classically located in which region?
• Which condition presents as repetitive, patterned, rhythmic, and complex involuntary movements seen in autism, Rett syndrome, Sydenham chorea, and Tourette disorder, including slapping, flapping, bruxism, rocking, and twirling?
• A child with cardiac defects, hypocalcemia, and distinct facial features such as a long face and small ears is most consistent with which syndrome, and what is the expected IQ range?
• Which NMDA receptor antagonist is primarily used as an anesthetic and is often discussed alongside PCP?
• Which neurodegenerative condition presents with asymmetric parkinsonism, apraxia (ideomotor/ideational), alien limb syndrome, and poor response to levodopa?
• Which drug class includes heroin and morphine and is associated with analgesia but can cause hypoxia and brain damage?
• Which dementia syndrome is associated with bvFTD features including hyperorality and compulsive sensory stimulation?
• Which tumor is classified as embryonal?
• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia often affects which cognitive domains?
• Damage to which structure can cause monocular visual field loss described as an ipsilateral, oval or kidney-shaped defect?
• A 70-year-old male has Aricept and Namenda; what would be an acceptable recommendation regarding this medication use?
• Inability to perform previously learned, sequential motor movements is best described as which condition?
• Tumors in adolescents are:
• Which cerebral palsy subtype is characterized by spastic bilateral symmetric paresis with legs greater than arms and is commonly seen with prematurity and periventricular leukomalacia?
• Which aphasia is described as having ok comprehension and repetition?
• Which cerebral palsy subtype presents with spastic hemiparesis, with face and arms greater than legs, often due to MCA stroke, and may show premature handedness?
• A description of Huntington's disease includes dementia within 1 year of chorea, autosomal dominant inheritance, a CAG repeat expansion, caudate atrophy and decreased GABA. What is the disorder?
• Which condition presents as mute, quadriplegic, bedridden, and communicates with eye movements only due to ventral pons and medulla infarction?
• Right homonymous hemianopsia with a right visual field defect and alexia without agraphia. Which stroke territory?
• Lacking normal planum temporale leads to paucity of speech, including telegraphic speech. Which aphasia category is described?
• Which statement best describes Cronbach's alpha?
• Which region is associated with reading and language processing in the right hemisphere?
• Frontal lobe damage producing decreased frontal release signs, dysexecutive symptoms, and stimulus-bound behavior most characterizes damage to which region?
• Alexia without agraphia is associated with which territorial stroke?
• In electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)–related amnesia, which type tends to persist longer?
• All of the following are medications used to slow progression of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease EXCEPT:
• Why has Binswanger's disease been called into question?
• Dopaminergic pathways include the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical tracts. The nigrostriatal tract makes most of the brain dopamine and forms a major part of the extrapyramidal motor system, projecting from the substantial nigra to the striatum.
• All of the following are common neuropsychological issues for Alzheimer's disease EXCEPT:
• Which neurocutaneous disorder features café-au-lait spots, neurofibromas, and Lisch nodules?
• Which statement best describes meningiomas?
• Which neurotransmitter is synthesized in the locus coeruleus, projects broadly to the brain and spinal cord, and degenerates in Parkinson's disease, contributing to orthostatic hypotension, sleep disturbances, and depressive symptoms?
• Lesions in the caudate and left frontal region are associated with which emotional change pattern?
• Which brain structure mediates orientation to visual stimuli?
• A patient with dominant-hemisphere language disturbance and contralateral weakness is most likely to have infarction in which arterial territory?
• Involvement of both MCA and PCA territories with visual memory deficits is most consistent with which stroke?
• Which statement is true about frontotemporal dementia?
• Conduction aphasia has fluent speech and good comprehension but impaired repetition.
• In Parkinson disease with dementia, which pattern best describes the cognitive progression relative to motor symptoms?
• Which tissue change occurs in ischemic stroke and is characterized by no energy requirement to begin and an inflammatory response?
• Which syndrome is caused by paternal inheritance of chromosome 15 and features intellectual disability, behavioral problems, hyperphagia, and obesity?
• All of the following are more common in females EXCEPT:
• Naming ability is linked to which fiber tract?
• Which movement phenomenon includes repetitive, patterned, rhythmic and complex involuntary motions seen in autism and Rett syndrome?
• Which apraxia is characterized by an inability to translate intention into action, such as pantomiming on command, often with nonfluent aphasia?
• Which movement disorder is defined as athetosis plus chorea?
• Which disorder includes parkinsonism without tremor, vivid visual hallucinations, Capgras syndrome, REM sleep behavior disorder, fluctuating attention, and antipsychotic hypersensitivity?
• Which dementia is characterized by fluctuations in cognition, parkinsonism, well-formed visual hallucinations, REM sleep disturbances, and early attention/executive deficits?
• Angelman syndrome results from maternal imprinting on which chromosome?
• Which genes are associated with Parkinson disease as mentioned?
• Which lesion location is associated with alexia without agraphia?
• Which apraxia is defined by inability to conceive and execute a sequence of steps, commonly seen with dementia (e.g., frontotemporal dementia)?
• Which stimulant blocks reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine and is associated with a risk of stroke or seizures within about two hours of use?
• Which brain region is described as initiating attention, as opposed to sustaining it?
• CT scans can detect most tumors EXCEPT:
• Which term describes wakefulness with no conscious awareness that persists after coma?
• Which type of cerebral palsy is characterized by spastic paraparesis and choreoathetosis and accounts for about 15% of cerebral palsy cases?
• Which brain structure is NOT part of the basal ganglia?
• Which syndrome is commonly associated with language delay and learning disabilities in males?
• Which aphasia type involves impairment in all language abilities due to large left-hemisphere damage?
• ECT causes both retrograde and/or anterograde amnesia?
• Which syndrome involves an extra Y chromosome in males and is associated with tall stature and language delays?
• Which syndrome is female-only with onset between 6 and 18 months, followed by motor deterioration and loss of language, often with epilepsy and hand stereotypes?
• Which apraxia involves difficulty constructing or copying complex figures and tasks, often after a right-hemisphere lesion?
• Which syndrome with elf-like appearance includes a short broad forehead, prominent cheeks, flat nasal bridge, and unusual music talent, with mild-to-moderate intellectual disability and hypersociability?
• Which description matches the severe Alzheimer's memory pattern?
• Turner syndrome is associated with which karyotype and clinical feature?
• Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is most well established in association with gynecologic cancers, lymphoma, or small cell lung cancer.
• Which disorder is a juvenile-onset form of Huntington disease presenting before age 21 with rigidity, dystonia, and akinesia?
• Intrathecal methotrexate is a form of chemotherapy that can affect cognition. This therapy is best described as which category?
• Which tumor type is classically associated with optic pathway gliomas?
• Which type of stroke is typically caused by hypertension and presents with abrupt onset in deep brain structures such as the basal ganglia or thalamus?
• RLE motor and sensory loss with medial frontal syndrome (mutism/akinetic) and transcortical motor aphasia with poor retrieval. Which stroke territory best explains this presentation?
• Which genetic syndrome is characterized by abnormal neural pathways with increased amygdala activation to threat, visuospatial deficits, and delayed first words?
• Which disorder is autosomal dominant and linked to mutations in TSC1 on chromosome 9 or TSC2 on chromosome 16?
• 17q21-22 is associated with which condition?
• Which dystonia is associated with the DYT1 mutation on chromosome 9, autosomal dominant inheritance, and typically begins in childhood?
• Memantine acts on what neurotransmitter?
• Which aphasia results from damage to the arcuate fasciculus?
• Which disorder spans 6 or more months with akathisia, dystonia, oral-buccal-lingual dyskinesia, tics, tremor, and stereotypies?
• Homonymous hemianopsia is typically due to a lesion in which region?
• Which visual phenomenon is characterized by fortification spectra or crescent-shaped scotomata and often precedes a headache?
• Inability to distinguish colors is called which term?
• Left face and arm motor/sensory loss with left inferior quadrantanopsia and left hemi-neglect. Which stroke territory?
• Prosopagnosia is most closely linked to damage in which brain structure?
• Which genetic disorder is characterized by cafe au lait macules and is associated with the tumor spectrum?
• Which paraneoplastic syndrome is characterized by temporal lobe inflammation, amnesia, irritability, and complex partial seizures and is most commonly associated with gynecologic cancers, lymphoma, or small cell lung cancer?
• Which syndrome is known for an unusual musical talent and hypersociability, often described as elf-like facial features?
• Which disorder is characterized by autonomic dysfunction (Shy-Drager), cerebellar ataxia, and poor response to levodopa, with glial inclusions?
• The amygdaloid circuit includes which of the following structures?
• Which condition involves downward displacement of the medulla and cerebellum through the foramen magnum with bulbar symptoms?
• Semantic dementia is typically associated with which brain region?
• Which stroke syndrome is primarily associated with memory impairment and apathy in addition to sensory or motor deficits?
• The nonfluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia is best described by which features?
• Another patient has dysnomia, effortful speech, and impaired repetition and comprehension for complex sentences.
• Which condition features hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis with expansion into a large cystic structure of the fourth ventricle in the posterior fossa?
• Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the globus pallidus as its inhibitory output?
• Which inhibitory neurotransmitter is essential for motor control and is deficient in Huntington's disease due to loss of inhibitory signaling in motor pathways?
• Intrathecal administration of methotrexate is delivered into which anatomical space?
• Which condition is defined by reading impairment with writing preserved and is associated with angular gyrus involvement?
• Methyl-phenyl-tetrahydro-pyridine (MPTP) is best described as which of the following?
• Which category do gliomas belong to?
• Which seizure type is characterized by focal onset with impaired consciousness and often vividly described automatisms, typically arising from the temporal lobe?
• Right-hemisphere lesions are most closely linked to which apraxia that involves difficulties with construction?
• Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory throughout the CNS, most active in the striatum, hypothalamus, spinal cord, and temporal lobe; deficiency is linked to Huntington's disease, stiff-person syndrome, and antiseizure medications can increase it?
• Which factor is a risk for PVL indicating reduced blood flow to the brain around birth?
• Which statement correctly describes expressive vs receptive language areas in the left hemisphere?
• Postconcussion syndrome features headaches worsened by movement, memory impairment, insomnia lasting months, dizziness, photophobia, and mood issues following head injury. Which is this condition?
• Contralateral hemiparesis, hemisensory loss, paresthesias, homonymous hemianopsia, and a bruit are features of which event?
• In progressive nonfluent aphasia, which feature is most affected?
• ADHD is commonly comorbid with many genetic disorders. Which of the following is NOT typically associated with ADHD?
• The combination of bradykinesia, resting tremor, masked facies, paucity of trunk and limb movement, and festinating gait is most characteristic of which condition?
• A patient has left homonymous hemianopsia, visual agnosia, and receptive aprosody. Which stroke is most likely?
• Which syndrome corresponds to Weber's description of ventral midbrain lesion with contralateral hemiparesis and ipsilateral CN III palsy?
• Transcortical sensory aphasia with Gerstmann's syndrome. Which stroke territory?
• Spasms of one side of the face that are ipsilateral to the facial nerve CN7 and persist during sleep are characteristic of which condition?
• Which syndrome results from ventral pontine lesions causing contralateral hemiparesis and mute with dysphagia?
• Which group of disorders includes PSP, MSA, and Shy-Drager syndrome?
• Which memory system is classified as nondeclarative memory?
• Which lesion location is associated with alexia with agraphia?
• What is the most frequent focal dystonia characterized by involuntary contractions that turn the head and neck?
• Which memory system is implicit and includes procedural and motor memory?
• Lisch nodules are iris hamartomas most commonly associated with which condition?
• Which apraxia is described as associated with normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)?
• A lesion in the angular gyrus of the left parietal lobe is classically associated with which condition?
• Cannot perform motor movements to command, with lesions to the left posterior parietal lobe or corpus callosum, corresponds to which apraxia?
• Which test is commonly used to assess fine motor dexterity?
• IQ tests and screening tools reliability: IQ tests typically have ____ internal reliability and screening measures like MMSE or MoCA typically have ____ internal reliability.
• Which condition is characterized by an inability to recognize familiar faces, associated with right fusiform gyrus or bilateral occipitotemporal lesions?
• Which movement disorder is characterized by involuntary contractions of the neck muscles causing abnormal head posture?
• The logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia is most associated with which feature?
• In hemiplegic cerebral palsy due to MCA involvement, aphasia is typically:
• Which perinatal factors are associated with extrapyramidal cerebral palsy?
• Alexia without agraphia is typically due to a lesion in which region?
• LOC with aura and automatisms, typically from temporal lobe epilepsy, describes which seizure type?
• Which aphasia is described as having preserved repetition and echolalia, often associated with watershed infarction?
• Wernicke's or transcortical sensory aphasia plus right face/arm sensory loss and right visual field defect. Which stroke territory is most likely?
• Which syndrome is classically associated with medial pons and tegmentum, presenting with hemiparesis and horizontal gaze palsy, and dysarthria?
• Which movement disorder is described as involuntary movements in young children, slowly progressive, with a diurnal pattern and responsive to small doses of levodopa?
• Which focal dystonia involves contractions of the lower facial muscles and jaw?
• Which genetic disorder features seizures that begin in infancy, often with infantile spasms and multiple seizure types that can be intractable?
• Which movement disorder is characterized by regular limb and trunk movement with intense restlessness, often observed during antipsychotic therapy?
• Which drug releases serotonin and is commonly known as ecstasy?
• Which variant of primary progressive aphasia features dysnomia, effortful speech, impaired repetition and sentence comprehension, with preserved single-word repetition?
• Which dopaminergic tract is primarily involved in cognitive aspects of behavior and projects from the ventral tegmental area to the frontal cortex?
• Which chromosomal pattern is associated with tall stature, infertility, and language difficulties in males?
• Donepezil primarily increases the activity of which neurotransmitter system?
• Which system initiates and maintains arousal for attention?
• Which is the most malignant variety of astrocytoma, the most frequently occurring tumor, exclusive to the cerebrum, with rapid growth and spread?
• Which type of FTD is not tau-positive?
• Which dystonia presents with diurnal fluctuation, begins in childhood with leg involvement and progresses to generalized dystonia, and responds to L-dopa?
• Which syndrome presents with port-wine stains in the trigeminal distribution and leptomeningeal angiomatosis leading to seizures?
• Acquired Alexia is reading impairment after brain injury.
• Deficit in perceiving an object with intact abilities to draw and match visual objects describes which condition?
• Which condition presents with vertigo, diplopia, nystagmus, and ataxia and may include a drop attack due to transient cessation of blood flow?
• Periventricular leukomalacia primarily affects which tissue region in premature infants?
• Alien hand syndrome is most closely associated with damage to which structure?
• Cerebellar stroke will most likely result in which of the following?
• Which region is associated with repetition ability?
• Which medication is a standard treatment for Parkinson's disease?
• Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO) is used to assess which cognitive domain?
• Has a fifth brain lobe been supported by research, and if so, where is it located?
• In adolescents with adrenoleukodystrophy, which problems may first emerge?
• Anton syndrome refers to visual anosognosia occurring with bilateral involvement of which artery infarction?
• Left planum temporale deficiency is associated with which language impairment category?
• Sturge-Weber syndrome is also known as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis. Which feature is characteristic?
• Which syndrome defined by trisomy 21 features mild to moderate intellectual disability, hearing loss, congenital heart anomalies, GI disease, and later risks of hypothyroidism and leukemia?
• Which cerebral palsy type is most commonly associated with prematurity and periventricular leukomalacia?
• ______ neurons ____ from brain/CNS to muscles. Pick the best completion.
• Right face and arm motor loss (sometimes sensory loss) with Broca's or transcortical motor aphasia. Which stroke territory?
• Acoustic neuroma is a tumor of the eighth cranial nerve; bilateral tumors occur in autosomal dominant NF2 (neurofibromatosis type 2) due to a mutation on chromosome 22.
• Your patient presents with progressive decline in speech and writing; speech is non-fluent with phonological errors. Comprehension and repetition are intact. What is the possible diagnosis?
• Pilocytic astrocytoma is commonly located in the cerebellum and tends to have which prognosis?
• Contralateral visual field loss with alexia without agraphia and potential bilateral cortical blindness (Anton syndrome) is associated with infarction of which artery?
• Which aphasia is fluent with paraphasias, preserved comprehension and reading, but impaired repetition due to arcuate fasciculus damage?
• Which nucleus is primarily associated with auditory input processing?
• Transcortical sensory aphasia features poor comprehension with repetition preserved.
• Retrograde amnesia is defined as the loss of memory for events prior to the event.
• What is the most common malignant CNS childhood tumor?
• Which condition presents with dementia and myoclonus?
• Acute dyskinesias often emerge within days and can include akathisia, neuroleptic-malignant syndrome, and parkinsonism. Which category do these features describe?
• The nigrostriatal tract connects which structures?
• Which test among the following is used to assess language fluency?
• Which dementia is most likely to present with early disinhibition, behavioral changes, and preservation of memory in early stages?
• Adults typically have brain tumors more often in which region?
• Which dopaminergic tract projects from the ventral tegmental area to the frontal cortex, cingulate, and prefrontal gyrus, and is associated with negative symptoms of psychosis when hypoactive?
• Which central stimulant blocks dopamine reuptake and includes methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and methylphenidate among its examples?
• A patient has right face, arm, and leg motor and sensory loss, right homonymous hemianopsia, left gaze preference, global aphasia, acalculia. Which stroke territory is most likely?
• Which is the second most common dementia?
• What is the imaging modality of choice for diagnosing and monitoring brain tumors?
• In severe Alzheimer's disease, which memory pattern is typical?
• Which type of stroke is characterized by sudden headache, nausea, vomiting, and loss of consciousness, often in the setting of hypertensive hemorrhage?
• Which disorder is screened in newborns by the Guthrie test to detect elevated phenylalanine levels?
• Which condition is characterized by dementia, urinary incontinence, gait apraxia, with language spared?
• Which deficit is described as inability to express or comprehend emotional prosody due to right-hemisphere involvement?
• Which dementia type shows early behavioral and executive dysfunction with relatively preserved memory in early stages?
• What percentage of Frontotemporal dementia cases show ubiquitin immunoreactive inclusions?
• Which structure is linked to naming ability?
• Which pairing correctly matches the pathway to its primary function?
• Acoustic neuroma is another term for vestibular schwannoma.
• Cortical deafness (verbal auditory agnosia) is associated with lesion location in which region?
• In traumatic brain injury, which type of hemorrhage is among the most common?
• Which syndrome is commonly characterized by macro-orchidism and is inherited in an X-linked manner?
• White matter changes seen after radiation therapy are termed what?
• Logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia is associated with which brain region?
• Which drug releases serotonin and is commonly known as ecstasy?
• Which region corresponds to the anterior superior and middle temporal gyri?
• Which syndrome is X-linked recessive and presents with intellectual disability, self-mutilation, and dystonia?
• Visual hallucinations in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, or PD medication effects are best described as which category?
• Which deficit is the inability to appreciate the meaning of an object by its appearance, despite an intact visual system, often described as part of Kluver-Bucy syndrome due to anterior temporal lesions?
• Which hemisphere and region are associated with processing written language?
• Complete recovery is most likely in which condition?
• The motor system is _______ pathway.
• Involuntary, slow, continually changing twisting movements usually affecting the face, neck, and distal limbs, with sequence athetosis → choreoathetosis → chorea → hemiballismus, is best described as which movement abnormality?
• Which brain structure is the primary source of brain dopamine, giving rise to most dopaminergic signaling?
• Which condition features unpatterned, richly emotional visual experiences characteristic of narcolepsy?
• The ventral visual stream is the pathway best described as processing which information?
• Which focal dystonia is characterized by bilateral simultaneous contractions of the eyelid and sometimes forehead muscles, potentially causing functional blindness?
• Which movement disorder is irregular, shocklike, can be generalized or focal, is not from the basal ganglia, and can be action- or stimulus-sensitive?
• Which neurodegenerative disorder is associated with glial cytoplasmic inclusions and does not improve with levodopa?
• Which syndrome is associated with tall stature and an extra Y chromosome in males?
• Which genetic disorder is associated with severe intellectual disability relative to the others?
• Which neurotransmitter is synthesized in the nucleus basalis of Meynert and basal forebrain, with projections to the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortical association areas, and acts at nicotinic and muscarinic receptors?
• Which aphasia type is defined by preserved repetition?
• Which structure is the primary source of dopaminergic neurons lost in Parkinson's disease?
• Which lesion location is classically associated with Broca's aphasia?
• Alteration in the perception of time and the size of objects is most commonly known as which syndrome?
• Apathy, affective change, decreased processing speed, and gait abnormalities are typically associated with which type of brain dysfunction?
• Pineoblastoma is classified as which type of tumor?
• Post-chiasm lesion is most likely to cause which visual defect?
• Alien limb syndrome, along with apraxia and asymmetric cortical signs, is characteristic of which disorder?
• Which gait-related apraxia is commonly seen with normal pressure hydrocephalus?
• Alien limb syndrome is reported to occur with corticobasal degeneration. Which option reflects this association?
• Which aphasia is fluent with preserved comprehension but impaired repetition and is sometimes linked to sparing of other language areas?
• Which cerebral palsy category is associated with athetosis of the face, tongue, hands, and feet with chorea of the trunk, arms, and legs?
• The semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia is characterized by which pattern?
• Transcortical motor aphasia with right motor and sensory impairment for trunk, hips, proximal extremities. Which stroke territory?
• Which brain region is linked to the saliency of stimuli and emotional tone?
• From 45-84 years old, the most common forms of brain/CNS tumors (respectively) are:
• The genetic abnormality at chromosome Xq27.3 is most closely associated with which condition?
• Dysexecutive syndrome with poor planning and working memory impairment is typically linked to injury of which region?
• Which of the following is a hallmark upper motor neuron sign in cerebral palsy?
• What does TRAP stand for in Parkinson's disease?
• Which frontal region mutation is typically associated with apathy, mutism, and abulia, sometimes with alien hand phenomena?
• Which term describes abnormal muscle tone with involuntary sustained contractions that can be focal or generalized?
• Which disorder is defined by both vocal and multiple motor tics lasting more than one year and typically begins before age 18?
• Which memory system is explicit and comprises episodic and semantic components?
• Which autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by a deficiency in phenylalanine metabolism and can cause intellectual disability and seizures if untreated?
• On MRI, which finding indicates breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in the context of tumors?
• Exposure to which heavy metal is linked to intellectual disability, learning disabilities, cognitive impairment, and seizures?
• Which visual phenomenon is brief, stereotyped, seen in both eyes, and sometimes accompanied by other sensory experiences, and is often associated with seizures?
• Parkinson's disease dementia is characterized as subcortical and occurring late in the disease, with bradyphrenia and visual hallucinations. Which term best fits this description?
• An individual who received radiation treatment for a brain tumor 3 months ago is now exhibiting headaches, somnolence, worsening neurological deficits and responds to corticosterioid treatment. Which stage of radiation encephalopathy do they have and what is there prognosis?
• Which measure is used to assess sustained attention and working memory?
• Stereotypies refer to which phenomenon after brain injury?
• Which condition is associated with traumatic or ruptured berry aneurysm, the worst headache of life, nuchal rigidity, and lethargy?
• In vascular dementia, which memory pattern best describes recognition and retrieval?
• Which drug class includes heroin and morphine?
• An infarction of which brain region typically causes ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral weakness?
• Which description best fits emotional changes after a right hemisphere stroke?
• The insula is located below which structure?
• Paucity of speech with telegraphic speech (nouns and verbs) is characteristic of which language impairment category?
• Which dystonia presents with diurnal fluctuation, often worse in the late day, and improves with L-dopa?
• Which condition is described by blind patients explicit or implicit denial of vision, following blast injury to both eyes with bilateral occipital lobe strokes?
• What is the most common brain tumor in children?
• Which syndrome on chromosome 22 is autosomal dominant and features facial anomalies, cleft palate, cardiac defects, and severe intellectual disability with psychiatric comorbidity?
• Sheehan syndrome refers to postpartum pituitary necrosis leading to pituitary insufficiency.
• Nonfluent aphasia due to left MCA stroke may present with right hemiparesis (arm and lower face), dysarthria, right homonymous hemianopsia, and buccofacial apraxia. This describes which language disorder?
• Which syndrome is associated with memory impairment and possible neglect, in addition to sensory or motor deficits?
• Which disorder is X-linked recessive and features self-mutilation, intellectual disability, spasticity, seizures, and a mutation in the HPRT1 gene, with treatment including allopurinol?
• In evaluating potential cognitive impairment in ALS, which neuropsychological test is most useful?
• Which aphasia is characterized by fluent speech with severely impaired comprehension and naming?
• Cuneus wedge refers to all of the following except:
• Which structure group, including the amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus, is involved in processing saliency and emotional tone?
• Which statement describes the left hemisphere language and prosody mapping?
• Which assessment is a simple attention measure?
• Which movement phenomenon is defined by sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic movements including simple and complex motor and vocal tics?
• Which disorder is described by parkinsonism without tremor, along with early postural instability and axial rigidity?
• In mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease, which memory pattern is typical?
• Balint's syndrome consists of which triad due to bilateral parieto-occipital lesions?
• Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is an example of which broader category?
• Which acronym is used to remember delirium etiologies?
• Nondeclarative memory is best described as which of the following?
• Which postpartum complication is listed as a risk factor for PVL and subsequent cerebral palsy?
• Which statement best describes the ventral visual pathway?
• Which substance is associated with the mesolimbic reward pathway and is the primary addictive agent in tobacco products?
• Which disorder presents with Kayser-Fleischer rings and copper accumulation, with autosomal recessive inheritance?
• Extinction on double simultaneous stimulation and ignoring stimuli from the left side describe which syndrome?
• Which reliability statistic is specifically designed for dichotomous test items?
• Anterograde amnesia is defined as the inability to form new memories after the event.
• Which spinal defect is defined by the failure of the lumbar vertebrae to fuse and is typically asymptomatic?
• Which phenomenon involves irregular, shocklike contractions that may be generalized or focal, not arising from the basal ganglia, and can persist during sleep or coma?
• Which description matches memory pattern associated with frontal lobe dysfunction?
• Random, discrete, rapid movements that jerk the pelvis, trunk, limbs, with involuntary facial movements and non-stereotyped patterns, are characteristic of which movement disorder?
• The mnemonic I Watch Death is used to remember delirium etiologies. Which item is included?
• Which condition features sudden onset of memory loss for new and recent information with both anterograde and retrograde amnesia lasting 3-24 hours, but has no stroke risk and no confabulation?
• In Pick's disease, which cognitive domains are typically spared?
• Velocardiofacial syndrome is inherited in which pattern and linked to which chromosome?
• Impaired repetition is most characteristic of which PPA variant, and impaired naming is most characteristic of which?
• Which brain structure mediates orientation to auditory stimuli?
• Which condition features cortical damage without brainstem involvement, with quadriparesis and incontinence and no voluntary movement persisting after one month?
• Which subtype of ALS is associated with greater cognitive impairment and faster disease progression?
• In HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, memory deficits are primarily due to which process?
• Alternate form reliability is susceptible to which types of error?
• Under NINDS-AIREN criteria for vascular dementia, how many cognitive domains must be impaired?
• Inability to perform learned actions despite preserved motor function is best described as which condition?
• The dorsal visual stream is primarily involved in processing which type of information?
• Which syndrome is due to maternal chromosome 15 involvement and presents with intellectual disability, language impairment, epilepsy, microcephaly, stereotypies, and a happy demeanor?
• Slow bleeding from bridging veins under low pressure, with headache, confusion, and LOC, is typical of which hematoma?
• Which category describes visually complex hallucinations that are associated with late-stage Alzheimer's disease, early Lewy body disease, or medications used to treat Parkinson's disease?
• Which condition is described as mindless, repetitive, purposeless behavior that can be observed in PD and DDS?
• Which perinatal event is listed as a risk factor for PVL that involves bleeding within the uterus before birth?
• In split-brain syndrome, a patient may fail to name an object seen in the left hand but can perform a matching task with the right hand. This phenomenon is best described as?
• Which aphasia is fluent but nonsensical, with impaired comprehension and reading, and mild repetition issues, due to left posterior temporal/parietal damage?
• Anomic aphasia is defined mainly by naming difficulty with relatively preserved comprehension and repetition.
• Which aphasia is described as non-fluent with preserved repetition, according to certain cortical patterns?
• Neurofibromatosis type 1 is most commonly associated with which tumors, while NF2 is associated with which?
• Which syndrome is classically associated with vertical gaze palsy, backward falls, and an applause sign?
• Which syndrome is associated with a leftward shift in IQ, often with verbal IQ lower than performance IQ and an overall IQ in the high 80s to low 90s?
• Which disorder is associated with tau pathology and frontoparietal and substantia nigra involvement, often with asymmetric onset and poor response to levodopa?
• An infarction of which region typically causes ipsilateral abducens nerve palsy and contralateral weakness?
• A paraneoplastic syndrome can present with cerebellar degeneration, limbic encephalitis, and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome as an immune reaction to cancer. What is this group of disorders collectively called?
• Constructional apraxia is most strongly associated with damage to which brain region?
• Which brain region is described as initiating attention?
• A temporal bone fracture with middle meningeal artery laceration most likely causes which type of hematoma?
• Abnormal stiffening and extension of the neck is one of the probable signs of which disease?
• Monocular blindness (blindness in one eye) indicates a lesion located where?
• Which test is a sustained attention measure, also described as working memory, mental arithmetic, or letter-number sequencing?
• Which tasks measure selective attention?
• Angelman syndrome is best described by which statement?
• Which aphasia is non-fluent with good comprehension and reading, but impaired writing, with repetition preserved, associated with the left anterior frontal region?
• Sturge-Weber syndrome presents with seizures that are stroke-like and typically contralateral to which cutaneous finding?
• Which inhibitory neurotransmitter is primarily involved in regulating muscle tone and is active in the spinal cord?
• Which drug most commonly increases stroke risk?
• CT scans have limited sensitivity to detect tumors in which brain region?
• Which movement disorder is characterized by involuntary movements of the tongue, jaw, and face, commonly associated with antipsychotic exposure and dopamine receptor hypersensitivity?
• Craniopharyngiomas are known for causing vision and neuroendocrine deficits due to involvement of which structure?
• Which medication is used to treat hyperuricemia in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
• Ubiquitin immunoreactive inclusions in cells are most strongly associated with which condition?
• Cortical blindness results from damage to which region?
• Damage to which brain region is most commonly associated with hemispatial neglect?
• Occlusion of both anterior cerebral arteries causing frontal lobe infarction and left limb apraxia is known as?
• Which childhood movement disorder is a complication of rheumatic fever and presents with choreiform movements, more common in girls, and is associated with hyperactivity and OCD?
• Which defect is characterized by protrusion of meninges and spinal cord in a sac-like bundle with hydrocephalus and paraparesis; shunting is usually required?
• The vertebrobasilar system supplies the brainstem, cerebellum, and the posterior inferior portion of the cerebrum. This describes which circulation?
• Alexia without agraphia is most specifically associated with infarction of which artery?
• Approximately what percentage of Parkinson's disease patients develop dementia, with risk increasing with age?
• Turner syndrome is characterized by which karyotype and puberty outcome?
• Which disorder is caused by an HPRT1 gene mutation and presents with self-injurious behavior along with cognitive impairment and dystonia?
• Which disorder has Kayser-Fleischer rings and autosomal recessive inheritance due to copper accumulation?
• Lesions of which basal ganglia structure commonly cause hemiballismus?
• Which disorder features telangiectasias on the bridge of the nose and cheeks, onset by age 3–5, cerebellar vermis degeneration causing progressive gait ataxia, and immunodeficiency?
• In adolescents, tumor locations shift toward which region, making them more similar to adults?
• Which disorder is defined by bilateral vestibular schwannomas and relatively preserved cognition?
• Conduction aphasia is most closely associated with damage to which neural pathway?
• Which stroke is characterized by lacunar syndromes such as pure motor hemiparesis or pure sensory syndrome?
• Which metabolic disorder, inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, results from a defect in phenylalanine metabolism and is commonly screened for at birth?
• Which test data could help distinguish Lewy body dementia from Alzheimer's disease?
• Which arterial territory infarction is the most common and presents with contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss, with aphasia if the left hemisphere is affected or neglect if the right hemisphere is affected?
• Which condition is classically associated with optic chiasm compression leading to bitemporal hemianopsia?
• Which hematoma results from a temporal bone fracture causing laceration of the middle meningeal artery and can lead to rapid deterioration if not treated?
• Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) is most closely associated with which cancer and presents with proximal weakness due to impaired acetylcholine release?
• Which brain region is typically involved in transcortical sensory aphasia?
• In HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, memory encoding and retrieval deficits with psychomotor slowing and attention/executive impairment, language initially okay.
• Damage to which arterial territory is associated with contralateral leg weakness and apraxia, with possible pseudobulbar signs when bilateral?
• Which drug remains a CNS stimulant that blocks dopamine reuptake in the brain?
• Inability to demonstrate an accurate percept of objects, with an inability to draw or name objects, is best described as which visual disorder?
• The _____ nucleus is to vision as the ____ nucleus is to auditory inputs.
• Basilar artery involvement with memory impairment, apathy, and abulia corresponds to which syndrome?
• Which condition is most classically associated with frontotemporal dementia?
• Right-hemisphere lesions with visuospatial impairment can impede the ability to copy figures or align lines; this is known as which apraxia?
• Nonfluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia is typically associated with which brain region?
• In diseases such as ALS and Huntington's disease, which cell death process is energy-dependent and typically does not provoke a strong inflammatory response?
• The most common mechanism behind neonatal stroke is which of the following?
• Left motor and sensory impairment with involvement of cortical regions supplied by ACA-MCA territory is most consistent with which stroke pattern?
• What term describes the inability to execute learned actions despite normal strength, sensation, and coordination, often with aphasia or dementia, and associated with a left frontal or parietal lesion?
• A ventral pontine lesion with corticospinal injury and preserved eye movements results in which syndrome?
• Left leg sensory and motor loss with frontal dysfunction (apathy, stimulus bound, jocularity, hypomania). Which stroke territory?
• Pinpoint pupils are most commonly associated with lesions in which brain region?
• Which NMDA receptor antagonist is a dissociative anesthetic that can produce both positive and negative schizophrenia-like symptoms?
• Which aphasia is non-fluent with impaired comprehension and reading, but repetition is relatively preserved, sparing Broca's and Wernicke's areas?
• A patient presents with pure sensory or sensorimotor syndrome, plus memory impairment, aphasia or neglect, and apathy. Which syndrome is most likely?
• Anton syndrome is the denial of blindness associated with damage to which region?
• Which apraxia is evidenced by an inability to execute simple requests involving the right arm or leg and may manifest as using the hand as an object rather than pretending to use it?
• Which sign indicates upper motor neuron involvement in spastic cerebral palsy?
• Inability to copy a drawing or construct, typically associated with right parietal lobe involvement, is best termed which apraxia?
• All of the following are common neuropsychological issues for VaD EXCEPT:
• Which region is associated with repetition ability?
• What term describes denial of one's deficits, such as denial of left hemiparesis?
• In early Lewy body dementia, memory is not significantly affected. Which statement best describes memory?
• Which disease is characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance, behavioral and motor symptoms preceding diagnosis, and striatal degeneration?
• Which tumor has a mixed neuronal-glial component?
• Which brain region is associated with sustaining attention?
• Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome has ______ amnesia?
• Processing written language is associated with which hemisphere?
• Right hemispheric neglect is most commonly due to infarction of which artery territory?
• Anton syndrome is best described as denial of blindness in the setting of lesions to which region?
• Gliomas are more common in which gender?
• Impulsivity, disinhibition, confabulation, anosmia, and witzelsucht point to damage of which region?
• Which option correctly pairs onset patterns with vascular dementia subtypes?
• Which neurotransmitter is excitatory and associated with excitotoxicity when present in excess?
• Compression of which structure by a mass commonly causes bitemporal visual field loss (bitemporal hemianopia)?
• Which two disorders are autosomal dominant according to the source material?
• Central pain described as a severe burning pain contralateral to the lesion is characteristic of which syndrome?
• Cronbach's alpha is appropriate for tests with more than how many items?
• Which condition involves contractions of the entire face with no tongue involvement?
• Which description matches the mild/moderate Alzheimer's memory pattern?
• Hemiballismus is characterized by intermittent, large-scale movements on one side of the body. Which structure is most commonly involved?
• Which memory circuit is classically linked to autobiographical and explicit memory formation?
• Which aphasia is described as fluent speech with sparing of repetition and features similar to transcortical patterns?
• Which factor is a risk factor for periventricular leukomalacia and cerebral palsy, involving reduced oxygenation around birth?
• Which visual phenomenon is stereotyped and brief, seen in both eyes, and sometimes accompanied by other sensory experiences, and is often associated with seizures?
• Which aphasia is described as non-fluent with impaired comprehension and reading, with writing and repetition preserved, associated with a posterior parietal/temporal lesion (sparing Wernicke's)?
• Which cerebral palsy subtype is associated with growth arrest in the affected limbs?
• Unlike adults, majority of pediatric tumors are:
• Which movement disorder is defined as jerking movements?
• Semantic dementia is typically associated with which brain region?
• Cerebellar degeneration and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome in the context of cancer exemplify which broader category?
• Buccofacial apraxia (oral apraxia) is associated with left hemisphere language impairments. Which sign is this?
• Which syndrome is X-linked, typically affecting males, and is characterized by macro-orchidism, hand stereotypies, and sometimes autistic features?
• Which NMDA receptor antagonist is used as an anesthetic and is known for dissociative effects?
• Which symptom is commonly associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
• Brodmann areas 17-19 are primarily involved in which function?
• Which spinal defect is more common: meningomyelocele or meningocele?
• Which pathology is commonly associated with certain frontotemporal dementia subtypes, including ubiquitin-positive inclusions and tau pathology seen in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy?